ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: High-flux hemodialysis membranes may modulate the cytokine storm of SARS-CoV-2, but their impact on chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients is unknown. The aim of the study was the evaluation of asymmetric cellulose triacetate (ATA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dialyzers on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in CHD patients with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: A prospective, observational study on CHD patients with SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. Patients were enrolled from March 2020 to May 2021. Pre- and postdialysis C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at each session. Patients who underwent on-line hemodiafiltration (OLHDF) with a PMMA dialyzer were compared with those treated with OLHDF with a ATA dialyzer. The primary endpoint was the differences in the reduction ratio per session (RR) of CRP, PCT, IL-6, and IL-6 RR >25%. RESULTS: We consecutively enrolled 74 CHD patients with COVID-19, 48 were treated with ATA membrane, and 26 with PMMA. Median IL-6 RR was higher in the ATA group compared to PMMA (17.08%, IQR -9.0 to 40.0 vs. 2.95%, IQR -34.63 to 27.32). Median CRP RR was 7.77% (IQR 2.47-13.77) in the ATA group versus 4.8% (IQR -2.65 to 11.38) in the PMMA group (p = 0.0017). Median PCT-RR% was 77.38% (IQR 70.92-82.97) in ATA group versus 54.59% (IQR 42.62-63.16) in the PMMA group (p < 0.0001). A multiple logistic regression analysis with IL-6 RR >25% as the outcome including the membrane employed, pre-dialysis IL-6, CRP, PCT, and ferritin showed that ATA led to a higher probability to reach the outcome (OR 1.891, 95% CI 1.273-2.840, p = 0.0018) while higher CRP favors the risk of lower IL-6 RR values (OR 0.910, 95% CI 0.868-0.949, p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In SARS-CoV-2 CHD patients treated with OLHDF, ATA showed a better anti-inflammatory profile, regarding IL-6 RR, compared to PMMA.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High flux haemodialysis membranes may modulate the cytokine storm of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but their impact in chronic haemodialysis (CHD) patients is not assessed [1, 2]. The aim of the study was the evaluation of asymmetric cellulose triacetate (ATA) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dialyzers on inflammatory markers in CHD patients with SARS-CoV-2. METHOD A prospective, observational study on CHD patients (age ≥18 years) affected by SARS-CoV-2 was carried out. Patients were enrolled from March 2020 to May 2021 and dialysis was performed at S. Orsola University Hospital (Bologna, Italy) Dialysis Unit. Mechanical ventilation at diagnosis was exclusion criteria. Pre- and post-dialysis C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined at each session and corrected for haemoconcentration during the complete SARS-CoV-2 period. Patients who underwent online haemodiafiltration (OLHDF) with PMMA dialyzer (Filtryzer BG-U™, Toray, surface area 2.1 m2 cut-off 20 kDa, KUF 43 mL/h/mmHg) were compared with those who underwent OLHDF with ATA dialyzer (SolaceaTM Nipro, surface area 2.1 m2 cut-off 45 kDa, KUF 72 mL/h/mmHg). The primary endpoint was to assess the differences in the reduction ratio/session (RR) of CRP, PCT and IL-6. RESULTS A total of 74 patients were enrolled, 48 were treated with ATA and 26 were with PMMA (420 versus 191 dialysis sessions). The main results are shown in Table 1. Median IL-6RR% was higher for ATA [17.08%, interquartile range (IQR) −9.0 to 40.0 versus 2.95%, IQR −34.63 to 27.32]. CRP and PCT showed higher RR with ATA in comparison to PMMA. When IL-6RR > 25% was the dependent variable in the multiple logistic regression analysis only ATA showed a significant correlation [odds ratio (OR) 1.891, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.273–2.840, P = .0018) while higher CRP favoured the risk of lower IL6RR (OR 0.9101, 95% CI 0.868–0.949, P < 0.0001) (Table 2). CONCLUSION In SARS-CoV-2 CHD patients treated with OLHDF, ATA showed a better anti-inflammatory profile than PMMA, in particular regarding IL-6 RR.Table 1. Clinical features and outcomes of ATA versus PMMA. Standard deviation (SD), Interquartile range (IQR)ATA (48)PMMA (26)PAge, years, mean (SD)67.67 (15.48)69.46 (16.37).6421Male, n (%)34 (71)17 (66).7930HD age, months, median (SD)47.00 (13.75–89.75)27.50 (14.25–71.50).3653Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR)4.00 (3.00–5.00)5 (3.00 –7.25).2549Arteriovenous Fistula, n (%)39 (81)14 (54).0166Central venous catheter, n (%)9 (9)12 (46)Interstitial pneumonia, n (%)29 (60)20 (77).2008Pre-HD IL-6 pg/mL, median (IQR)14.50 (5.75–41.43)13.90 (5.80–34.10).6386IL-6 RR%, median (IQR)17.08 (−9.0–40.0)2.95 (−34.63–27.32)<0.001IL-6 RR% based on pre-dialysis IL-6 level (median, IQR) 1st tertile23.55 (−8.96–47.40)3.72 (−51.66–30.08).0013 2nd tertile16.69 (−9.79–39.39)2.18 (−24.03–25.95).0405 3rd tertile12.99 (−8.73–35.75)1.14 (−34.70–31.33).0501CRP RR%, median (IQR)7.77 (2.47–13.77)4.80 (−2.65–11.38).0017PCT RR%, median (IQR)77.38 (70.92–82.97)54.59 (42.62–63.16)<0.0001Variables at diagnosis, median (IQR) IL6 pg/mL20.30 (9.10–62.10)22.60 (9.80–56.35).8763 CRP mg/dL3.88 (0.77–143.70)3.30 (0.33–9.98).4134 PCT pg/mL1.60 (0.72–2.77)0.95 (0.53–1.48).0388Death, n (%)8 (17)5 (19).7604Table 2. Multiple logistic regression with IL-6 RR > 25% as outcome. Odds Ratio (OR), Confidence interval (CI)OR95% CIpATA1.8911.273–2.840.0018IL-6 pre-HD1.0031.001–1.007.0123CRP pre-HD0.91010.8682–0.9496< 0.0001PCT pre-HD0.95280.8644–1.008.2270Ferritin1.0000.9998–1.000.7697
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: From February 21, the day of hospitalisation in ICU of the first diagnosed case of Covid-19, the social situation and the hospitals' organisation throughout Italy dramatically changed. METHODS: The CIO (Club Italiano dell'Osteosintesi) is an Italian society devoted to the study of traumatology that counts members spread in public and private hospitals throughout the country. Fifteen members of the CIO, Chairmen of 15 Orthopaedic and Trauma Units of level 1 or 2 trauma centres in Italy, have been involved in the study. They were asked to record data about surgical, outpatients clinics and ER activity from the 23rd of February to the 4th of April 2020. The data collected were compared with the data of the same timeframe of the previous year (2019). RESULTS: Comparing with last year, overall outpatient activity reduced up to 75%, overall Emergency Room (ER) trauma consultations up to 71%, elective surgical activity reduced up to 100% within two weeks and trauma surgery excluding femoral neck fractures up to 50%. The surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures showed a stable reduction from 15 to 20% without a significant variation during the timeframe. CONCLUSIONS: Covid-19 outbreak showed a tremendous impact on all orthopaedic trauma activities throughout the country except for the surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures, which, although reduced, did not change in percentage within the analysed timeframe.